Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.2022,13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31
/nanoscale topographical cues, microspheres, nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanotubes.
Keywords: biologicalcues; cartilage regeneration; micro/nanotopographical cues; nanotechnology; osteoarthritis; regenerative medicine; Review
1 Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a widespread degenerative disease of
. Afterward, recent advances in osteochondral tissue engineering resulting from the application of microspheres, nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanotubes in the structure of biomaterials will be covered (Figure 1). Finally, the role of various cues such as biologicalcues, microscale/nanoscale topographical
purposes is the subject of many studies [19] in which natural polymers, synthetic polymers, or their combination were used to provide a biomimetic microenvironment, which not only includes biologicalcues, but also provides the desired mechanical properties. The progress in materials science has revealed
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Figure 1:
A schematic representation of the issues covered in this review.